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isinxibelelanisi Electrical, isixhobo ngokujoyina eesekethe zombane kunye (ngamanye amaxesha eyaziwa ngokuba kumazibuko, iiplagi, okanye interfaces). Thina izihlanganisi zonke iintlobo, kuquka D-sub, ifayibha optic, izithuthi, setyhula, eziviwayo kunye nevidiyo, RF, Telecom, amandla, kunye USB. Kwakhona uphethe Ukukhetha enkulu zoku isinxibelelanisi kunye neebhloko terminal, kwakunye backshells kunye izincedisi zonke iintlobo.

XIDA Electronics uthenge ukhetho olukhulu memory iitshiphusi, amakhadi, kunye neemodyuli memory ezikhethekileyo isicelo zonke, kuquka chips ROM kunye RAM kunye DRAM chips zonke iintlobo, Oonotsheluza, FIFO, memory iimodyuli kunye nangaphezulu.

Hlela umthamo, ububanzi data ibhasi, ixesha ukufikelela, ombane yokusebenza, ukupakishwa, pin count kunye nangaphezulu. Fumana iimveliso memory kwiintlobo ngeentlobo lojongano iintlobo ze ufunde ezifunwa nokusebenza / ubhale, kubandakanywa amacandelo memory nemixawuka. Thina Stock memory iimveliso ezifanelekileyo kubancedisi, ikhompyutha lobuqu, izicelo zokuhlala, zorhwebo kunye mveliso, yaye ngaphezulu.

A isixhobo logic ofakwe (PLD) yi-licandelo lektronikhi ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha kwiziphaluka digital reconfigurable. Ngokungafaniyo esangweni logic, nto leyo iba umsebenzi esisigxina, a PLD inomsebenzi licaciswe ngexesha ngawo. Phambi kokuba PLD ingasetyenziswa kwisiphaluka kufuneka zahlelwa, oko kukuthi, alungiswa.

ulawulo Power iziphaluka ezihlangeneyo (ICS ulawulo amandla okanye PMICs okanye Unit njengeyunithi) iziphaluka ezihlanganisiweyo (okanye inkqubo block kwinkqubo-on-a-chip isixhobo) ukulungiselela nokulawula iimfuno ngamandla kwenkqubo host. Ngaloo ndlela PMIC kuthetha uluhlu olubanzi iitshiphusi, kodwa inkoliso ziquka ezinye uhlobo Amandla elektroniki kunye / okanye nemisebenzi yolawulo lwamandla efanelekileyo. A PMIC kudla kufakwa izixhobo battery-esebenza ezifana Kwiiselula kunye abadlali eendaba eziphathwayo ukunciphisa isixa indawo efunekayo.

An chip analog yiseti leesekethe analog ezincinane electronic kwakheka kwiphetshana enye impahla semiconductor.
Le ombane kunye yangoku kwiindawo amiselweyo kwi kwiisekethe yeetshipsi analog ziyahluka ngokuqhubekayo in kwexesha. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, chips digital sebenzisa kuphela kwaye ukudala yombane okanye nemisinga kumanqanaba obubobu, kungekho amaxabiso aphakathi. Ukongezelela Transistors, chips analog basoloko inani elikhulu lweziqalelo zezenzi (Inductor / Capacitors / Resistors) ngaphezu chips zedijithali uqobo ntoni. Inductors bakholisa ukuba aphetshwe ngenxa yobukhulu wabo omkhulu, kunye transistor kunye capacitor kunye singenza umsebenzi inductor. (Xa le ndlela lisetyenziswa i-CFL, ufumana zokulinganisa ngekhompyutha.)
Analog iitshiphusi kwakhona ziqulathe iziqalelo logic yedijithali ukubuyisela eminye imisebenzi analog, okanye ukuvumela nj ukunxibelelana nge isilawuli. Ngenxa yesi sizathu kwaye ukusukela ingqiqo ngokuqhelekileyo usebenzisa iteknoloji iCMOs, ezi chips basebenzisa inkqubo BiCMOS ziinkampani ezifana Freescale, Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics kunye nabanye. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba processing njengomqondiso engumxube kwaye ivumela ibe nomyili ukuze kudityaniswe imisebenzi ngakumbi nj. Ezinye iinzuzo ziquka ukhuseleko umthwalo, iinxalenye kuncitshiswa ukubala kunye nokuthembeka ephakamileyo.
Chips analog esulungekileyo processing ulwazi ziye indawo ikakhulu kunye chips digital. Chips Analog nangoku ezifunekayo imiqondiso wideband ngenxa iimfuno Izinga kwesampulu, izicelo amandla eliphezulu kwaye interfaces transducer. Uphando kunye noshishino endle iyaqhubeka ukuze akhule kwaye nempumelelo. Eminye imizekelo chips analog ixesha elide yaye yaziwa kakuhle lo mshini 741 Operational, kunye 555 timer.
Power supply chips iyakujongwa kwakhona ukuba babe chips analog. Njongo yabo iphambili ukuvelisa unikezelo ombane imveliso kakuhle nezilawulwa ezinye chips kule nkqubo. Ekubeni zonke iinkqubo zekhompyutha zifuna amandla ombane, umbane Kumnandi PMICs zizinto ezibalulekileyo ezo nkqubo.

Ngo-elektroniki kunye nobunjineli lombane, ifuse yi isixhobo ukhuseleko lombane esebenzela ukubonelela phezu ukhuselo yangoku isekethe yombane. Inxalenye yawo ebalulekileyo ucingo yesinyithi okanye estrip linyibilike xa kakhulu ngoku akhabanayo ohambe ngayo, ngaloo ndlela kokuphazamisa yangoku. It is a isixhobo umbingelelo; kanye fuse idala ukuba isekethe evulekileyo, kwaye kufuneka kufakwe okanye rewired, kuxhomekeka kuhlobo.
Iifyuzi ziye zasetyenziswa izixhobo zokhuseleko ezibalulekileyo ukususela kwimihla yakudala zobunjineli bombane. Namhlanje kukho amawaka yoyilo ezahlukeneyo fuse ezo amanqaku ezithile ngoku kunye ombane, beqhekeza amaxesha umthamo kunye nempendulo, kuxhomekeka kwisicelo. Ixesha kunye neempawu yangoku of iifyuzi zikhethwa ukunika ukhuselo olwaneleyo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngokungeyomfuneko. Imithetho ephathelene ngokuqhelekileyo ukuchaza ubuninzi rating fuse yamanje iziphaluka ethile. Iziphaluka elifutshane, sithwalisa, imithwalo yokungafani, okanye ukusilela divayisi izizathu eyintloko ukusebenza fuse.
A fuse iyindlela oluzenzekelayo kukuzisusa amandla avela inkqubo eziphosakeleyo; badla anegama ukuba AIDS (Automatic Ukufakelwa yoNikezelo). Miyalezo Circuit zingasetyenziswa njenge isisombululo uyilo ezinye iifyuzi, kodwa abe neempawu ezahlukeneyo kakhulu.

Ngombhobho yi kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki ukuba kukhulisa awo okanye uphawu zombane. Bona ngezigaba ngokumalunga ngokwezakhono zabo ukuze ikhulise ngokufanelekileyo nokuba ombane okanye umqondiso igalelo yangoku. A sesimangalo ombane inyusa iziganeko ombane igalelo, ivelise ombane enkulu imveliso. yokukhulisa nezolo, okwabizwa ngokuba yokukhulisa transimpedance, kengoku imisinga kwi amagalelo, kwaye imveliso ombane ukuya umthwalo. Transconductance and Transresistance yokukhulisa sesithi lo isiphumo - ombane igalelo okanye ngoku uvelisa imveliso current ezinkulu okanye ombane ngokulandelelanayo.

intsebenzo parameter engundoqo ngombhobho na linearity wayo, okanye ukukwazi layo ukumela igalelo kunye uphawu imilo inye domain ixesha imveliso ngokuchanekileyo. Nezinye iparameters ezingundoqo zokwenziwa komsebenzi ziquka izinga bambulala, impendulo kwamaza, ingxolo, kunye nenzuzo bandwidth.

Yokukhulisa zihlelwa A, AB, B, C, D no E. Udidi imela isixa loguqu uphawu lwe output angaphezu umjikelo omnye ukuba igalelo ke amaza sinusoidal. I-linear ngaphezulu msindo kukuthi, uphantsi imveliso ukufiphala. Class A yeyona yomgama kakhulu kwaye udidi C loluncinane yomgama. Class C ezingafanelekanga izicelo audio yaye ngokuqhelekileyo lisetyenziswa iimveliso ezifana zidlulisele RF. Iiklasi D kunye E nokutshintsha yokukhulisa ukuba uyakwazi ukusebenzisa izigaba beesekethe output equlathe resonators harmonic, ezininzi utshintshe nje unikezelo kaloliwe, ubuchule imveliso lokugoqa, kunye PWM kunye ogudle-sigma kwezwi ukwandisa ukusebenza kwaye kutsha amaza igalelo kwi imveliso.

A keyswitch i uhlobo utshintsho encinane esetyenziselwa amaqhosha kwi keyboards. Zizo ke ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokusetyenziswa ngenxa ezininzi ikhibhodi mihla kusetyenziswa amaphepha lweplastiki nge awunabafowunelwa nabo
utshintsho yesitshixo sele inikezelwe ukuchaza utshintsho ezingaqhutywa ngumbutho isitshixo, ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa kwiisekethe alarm burglar. A ucinezelo imoto kwakhona utshintsho hlobo.

Ukubalisa na eyenziwayo electromechanical onokuthi actuated yi sokuhlaba zombane kunokuba ngokuvula ngesandla okanye uvala iswitshi. Oluphawu ezincinane usebenza njenge sango ukuba umqondiso omkhulu zombane. Ukukwazi ukuba ulawulo ephantsi-igunya phezu umqondiso omkhulu-amandla into ebenza izakhi zombane ezinjalo abadumileyo.

Transistors zizixhobo ezintathu-terminal ukuba zenziwe kwifom vuvabyi isiphambuka (BJT), okanye iqheleke kakhulu njengoko lokugoqa metal-oxide-semiconductor (iCMOs). Zidalwa ngoku engaveza n-uhlobo kunye p-type semiconductors kwigumbi elisisitora PNP okanye NPN uqwalaselo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ombane olusetyenziswa terminal isango ukuvumela yangoku flow ngefoni apho imisebenzi transistor efanayo utshintsho. Bona asetyenziswa kumxokelelwane yedijithali ukuphumeza emasangweni logic ukugcina idatha. iziphaluka Analog sebenzisa ukuba ukudala yokukhulisa oscillators.

A diode i-terminal ezimbini isixhobo obukhoyo naphi p-uhlobo kunye n-type semiconductors ukuba adjoined ngqo omnye komnye. Ukusebenzisa i ombane elihle anode ungavelisi nawuphi ebalulekileyo de ombane le diode kaThixo Ungeno eliqingqiweyo. Xa ombane umgubasi kuyedlulwa lwangoku ziya kuvunyelwa ukuba flow ukusuka anode ukuya cathode kodwa diode kuya kuvala amanzi yangoku ukusuka cathode ukuya anode phantsi kweemeko kakhulu. Bona zisetyenziswa abaguquli AC-DC, oonomathotholo, ngobhobhozo (ESD) iisekethe electro-emile, njengoko imithombo ukukhanya, njalo njalo

Siye resistors kuzo zonke izicelo kuquka ubuso enye entabeni, umngxuma enye ngapha, izikhwezeli, potentiometers kunye rheostats, kwakunye ezahlukeneyo ngeekhithi, uthungelwano kunye kwimiboniso, kunye nezinye izincedisi.

A resistor i isakhi sombane kwisixando ukulawula okanye lulawula ukuhamba ombane ngokusebenzisa wesekethe. I yangoku ibalwa ngokusebenzisa umthetho Ohm esithi: V = IR. ixabiso Resistance, ukunyamezelana, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu lobushushu lomlingani na kumiselwa ngokufunda umbala ikhowudi, liboniswe uthotho bands ezinemibala ecaleni icandelo.

Resistors zingasetyenziswa ukunciphisa ukuhamba ezikhoyo diode kwaye ukuphelisa umgca emntwaneni kunye nokuthintela ukukhanya. Ababini zingasetyenziswa ukwenza nomabi ombane ukuba ivelise kisekiyo output ombane amaxabiso uxhathiso. A jikelele-njongo igalelo / output (GPIO) transceiver unokuba imveliso yawo ezibekwe esikhulu tsala-phezulu okanye resistor tsala-phantsi ukuba iqhutywa ngaphezulu xa GPIO uba esebenzayo.

Resistors zidalwe kusetyenziswa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo, kuquka carbon edityanisiweyo, carbon umboniso, ifilimu isinyithi, kunye ucingo inxeba. zikagesi Consumer zidinga ukuba ibe amancinci kunye ngqo, ngoxa izicelo zoshishino kusenokufuna ukuba ziyakwazi enyamalala izixa ezikhulu amandla, ngoko ke bagcina ezinkulu.

A Ayanda okanye pill yi isixhobo kweesiginali odiyo, esenokuba mechanical, electromechanical, okanye piezoelectric (piezo for short). Ukusetyenziswa imifuziselo iibhazi kunye beepers zibandakanya izixhobo alam, izibambi-maxesha, kunye nokuqinisekisa-input umsebenzisi ezifana unqakrazo lwe mouse okanye keystroke.
Somlomo na isixhobo electromechanical kukhutshwe isandi. Oku kuquka isithethi Computer, Digital isithethi, Electrostatic isandisi-lizwi, isithethi Full-uluhlu, Horn isandisi-lizwi, Isandisi-zwi, Magnetostatic isandisi njalo njalo.
Umbhobho i Converter energy esiguqula imiqondiso olunzulu imiqondiso yombane.

An ibhetri yombane sisixhobo equlathe omnye okanye ngaphezulu iiseli electrochemical ihlangene lwangaphandle kunikwa izixhobo zombane mandla ezifana iithotshi, iifowuni, kunye neemoto zombane.
Iibhetri kufika ngeemilo kunye neesayizi ezininzi, kwiiseli ezincinane ezisetyenziselwa amandla ukuva izixhobo kunye akhiwa ukuba, iiseli ezingcakacileyo amancinci ezisetyenziswa Smartphones, ukuba neebhetri ezinkulu acid okhokelayo ezisetyenziswa iimoto kunye neelori, yaye ngokugqithileyo inkulu, iibhanki ibhetri enkulu ubukhulu amagumbi enikeza yokulinda okanye igunya likaxakeka ukuba ukutshintshiselana yomnxeba kunye namaziko data computer.

Capacitors i isakhi sombane kwisixando kunye ezinjengeetheminali ezimbini ukugcina amandla magnetic eluhlobo esigangeni yombane. Ezinjengeetheminali uqhagamshele iipleyiti ezimbini conductive ukuba abe izinto Heating phakathi kwabo. Zigcina i kagesi kwi iipleyiti zabo conductive. Amacwecwe icala ezahlulwe sisithuba umbandela Heating ukwenza intsimi yombane.

Capacitance i parameter a capacitor esibonakalisa inani ophethe igcinwe zombane ukuba ombane elinikiweyo isicelo ezinjengeetheminali yayo. Oku ulinganiswa farads (F). Umzekelo, kabini i capacitance uya kabini egcinwe kagesi (ukuba ombane rhoqo enikwe kwi ezinjengeetheminali).

Capacitors zihlelwa zisekelwe kwizinto eziphathekayo esetyenziselwa umaleko ezintathu-Umqhubi Heating isakhiwo umqhubi. Ngokomzekelo, abo zesinyithi izinto electrolyte Heating kuthiwa capacitors electrolytic; metal metal yodongwe kuthiwa capacitors yodongwe, njl Abo ukuba non-ngamaza ukuze izakubanodibaniso nokuba ombane entle okanye embi. Ukuba namaza ukuba kufuneka idityaniswe ombane HIV, kunye terminal entle simisiwe kumqulu.

A crystal oscillator yinto oscillator yesekethe elektroniki esebenzisa livakale yokugaya crystal ehlokomayo ngezixhobo piezoelectric ukudala uphawu zombane kunye rhoqo ngqo. Le frequency idla ngokusetyenziswa ukugcina umkhondo xesha, njengokuba akhiwa zwi, ukunika umqondiso clock likriwa iisekethe digital edibeneyo, nokuba zihlale ezitsho ukuze zidlulisele erediyo balwamkele. Olu hlobo luqhelekileyo resonator piezoelectric esetyenziswa yi yikristale zwi, ngoko neesekethe oscillator obandakanya kubo Kwazeka njengekristale oscillators, kodwa ezinye izinto piezoelectric okufaka ukubumba polycrystalline zisetyenziswa kwiisekethe efanayo.
A crystal oscillator, ingakumbi omnye eyenziwe zwi ngumkhenkce, isebenza ngokuthi zonakaliswa esigangeni yombane xa ombane lisetyenziswe i electrode kufutshane okanye ngembonakalo yikristale. Le propati eyaziwa ngokuba electrostriction okanye piezoelectricity nguqu. Xa endle isusiwe, elo zwi - leyo oscillates inxaxheba rhoqo ngqo - kudala intsimi yombane njengoko ebuyela ukwakheka kwalo elidlulileyo, kwaye oku ukwenza i ombane. Umphumo kukuba crystal zwi uziphethe ngathi kwisekethe RLC.
Ziikristale zwi zenziwa ngenxa ezitsho emashumini ezimbalwa kilohertz kumakhulukhulu megahertz. Ziikristale ngaphezu kwezigidi ezibini zenziwa ngonyaka. Uninzi zisetyenziselwa izixhobo yabathengi ezifana yesihlahla, iwotshi, oonomathotholo, iikhompyutha, kunye iiselula. Ziikristale zwi nazo ezifumanwe ngaphakathi uvavanyo kunye nomlinganiselo nezixhobo, ezifana zokubala, ezivelisa umqondiso, kunye oscilloscopes.

An inductor, ebizwa kwakhona i coil, ziliminxe okanye reactor, i isakhi sombane-terminal ezimbini kwisixando eligcina kwamandla mhlaba otsalayo xa umsinga wombane yhuu kuyo. An inductor lubandakanya ngentambo ngenxeba igqunyiwe ibe coil yajikeleza umphakathi.

amaso Magnetic zenzelwe ukucinezela frequency ingxolo eliphezulu spike uphazamiseko kwimigca umqondiso, iintambo zombane, kwaye kananjalo ukufunxa pulses electrostatic. amaso Magnetic zisetyenziselwa ukufunxa iimpawu UHF, ezifana ezinye iisekethe RF, PLL, iziphaluka jinga, kwaye ultra rhoqo memory iisekethe (DDRSDRAM, RAMBUS, njalo-njalo), ekufuneka ukongeza amaso iinkcukacha ngemagnethi input inxalenye umbane. Le bead Imagnethi iye resistivity ephakamileyo permeability, leyo kulingana uxhathiso parallel kunye inductance, kodwa ke ixabiso bokuxhathisa kwaye nexabiso inductance ezingaguquguqukiyo rhoqo.

Abaguquli nje inductors ezimbini kunye nokuhlangana phakathi kwabo bomelele. abaguquli Inyathelo-phantsi ukunciphisa ombane kumandla kumthombo igalelo i awo oko kuyingozi kakhulu kwaye eluncedo ngakumbi kumashishini ngamashishini nasemakhaya. abaguquli Inyathelo-up ukwandisa ombane ukugqithisa ngakumbi kakuhle imigama emide ziingcingo zombane. Abaguquli zibalulekile nokwabiwa AC amandla.

XIDA zikagesi lizimisele ukubonelela abathengi ezininzi ezintsha unlimited ehlabathini ezahlukeneyo ngakumbi iimveliso zobuchwepheshe iindleko-olusebenzayo. uhlelo ngempumelelo emarikeni wonke multimeter digital, lezixhobo izithuthi, isixhobo uvavanyo zombane, ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo kunye nocazululo thermal lezixhobo, lezixhobo ukhuseleko, tester jikelele, izixhobo umlinganiselo kwimibhobho kunye oscilloscopes yokugcina digital kunye nezinye 10 uluhlu olubanzi zeziphi na iindawo eziphambili iimveliso, yaye siqhubeke ukwenza uthotho kwandiswe imveliso, kwaye ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neemfuno ezizodwa iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo.

Abenzi boluvo ngokubanzi kuwa sisifake kwelinye lala mahlelo mane alandelayo:
woluvo Pressure
A woluvo xi ngokuqhelekileyo esilinganisa uxinzelelo yirhasi okanye ulwelo. Basebenza odala isignali elektroniki ngenxa yoxinzelelo eyenziwe njengomsebenzi we engangempi le kufuneka ukuba ayeke ulwelo okanye igesi ukwandisa. Abenzi xi nabo badla ngokuba transducers uxinzelelo, zidlulisele uxinzelelo, piezometers kunye nezalathisi noxinzelelo, phakathi kwezinye amagama. Ngokuqhelekileyo Bona ezisetyenziswa kwizicelo zolawulo esweni.
Motion Position boluvo
A motion sensor indawo ivumela ukuba umlinganiselo isikhundla, nokuba bhunxe (isivamvo indawo ingundoqo), okanye ngokwengqikelelo (isihlobo okanye ukubana sensor). Sindululo okanye isikhundla abenzi sokukala indawo yomgama kwisixhobo (isivamvo indawo yomgama), utshintsho isikhundla emboxo, kwakunye notshintsho indawo multi-axis. Phakathi kakhulu zithandwa ukusetyenziswa wearables kunye imishini ephathwayo IoT na accelerometer kunye gyroscope boluvo.
Nabizayo
nabizayo ukuguqula esikhanyayo, okanye ukutshintsha ekukhanyeni, kube yimitha elektroniki efundeka yi ngesixhobo. Ezi abenzi boluvo, ezikwabizwa ngokuba abenzi boluvo photoelectric, ke ngoko nako ukufumanisa ubukho kunye nobukho ngokokuma bento. Nabizayo zisetyenziswa ezininzi izicelo esizisebenzelayo zoshishino kunye nemveliso zorhwebo. Phakathi ithandwayo abenzi ifayibha optic, abenzi proximity, kwaye utsale abenzi umkhusane ukukhanya ukhuseleko.
Iziva-thermal
abenzi boluvo thermal zizixhobo ezivelisa isignali zombane njengempendulo lobushushu okanye utshintsho lobushushu. Ngabo apheleleyo izicelo zoshishino ezifuna feeback ukugcina ukwakha uluhlu yokusebenza lobushushu. Naziphi na ukufundwa phezu-lobushushu ke kungakhokelela ukuvalwa kwama kamatshini wandise ubomi nokugcina indawo yomsebenzi ekhuselekileyo. Iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili boluvo thermal ezi abenzi ubushushu kwaye utsale abenzi nokufuma.

Nabaqhubi zidlulisele abazinikeleyo. Bona olulungiselelwe uqhuba iteknoloji ethile usapho okanye unxibelelwano umgangatho kwaye lula nokuyilwa kwenkqubo enkulu ngokuphumeza zonke indlela ezisemthethweni ezifanelekileyo kunye neemfuno zombane. Umzekelo, ukuba umqhubi LED offloads ibango eliphezulu umthombo / kumgxobhozo yangoku ukusuka CPU / AP GPIOs kunye necandelo umqhubi le kuzo. components Interface singaqulatha abaqhubi kunye balwamkele (transceiver), nto leyo amacandelo ubhetyebhetye ezinokuthi kusetyenziselwa ukuphumeza uthungelwano lonxibelelwano enze njengabaphindayo.

Xa elektroniki, i opto-isolator, ebizwa kwakhona i optocoupler, photocoupler, okanye isolator enombala, licandelo elithi lidlulise imiqondiso yombane phakathi iziphaluka ezibini angawodwa ngokusebenzisa light.Opto-isolators ukunqanda yombane eziphakamileyo ezichaphazela inkqubo ofumana signal.Commercially ekhoyo opto-isolators ukumelana igalelo-to-output yombane transients kVand ombane ukuya ku-10 kunye ngezantya ukuya ku 25 kV / μs.

A Uhlobo eqhelekileyo opto-isolator siquka i-LED kunye phototransistor ezisebhokisini efanayo ngaphaya kwawo. Ezinye iintlobo lwendibaniso source-isivamvo ziquka LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, ngambini isibane-photoresistor. Ngokuqhelekileyo opto-isolators transfer lwedijithali (on-off) signal, kodwa ezinye iindlela kuvumela ukuba kusetyenziswa iimpawu analog.

Ukukhanya di- zisebenzise ubuchwepheshe eqinileyo-karhulumente ukuvelisa ukukhanya ngokusebenzisa into eqinileyo, lanje semiconductor. Oku kucwangcisa bahluke kwezinye imithombo ukukhanya ezifana ibhalbhu ezingqengezelayo (ngokusebenzisa emoyeni) okanye ibhalbhu ezijiko-jiko ezibengezelayo (nge gas). Indlela esisiseko yemveliso ukukhanya isebenza Band-to-Band recombination okanye radiation.