Zamgululi

Magetsi cholumikizira, ndi chipangizo kwa kujowina madera magetsi pamodzi (nthaŵi zina lotchedwa madoko, mapulagi, kapena polumikizira). Tili zolumikizira a mitundu yonse, kuphatikizapo D-boma, CHIKWANGWANI chamawonedwe, magalimoto, zozungulira, wailesi ndi video, RF, Telecom, mphamvu, ndi USB. Ife kugwira lalikulu kusankha malo cholumikizira ndi midadada osatha, komanso backshells ndi Chalk a mitundu yonse.

XIDA Electronics kugula yaikulu kusankha tchipisi kukumbukira, makadi ndi apadera zigawo kukumbukira chifukwa zonse ntchito kuphatikizapo tchipisi ROM ndi RAM ndipo DRAM tchipisi aliyense zosiyanasiyana, kung'anima makadi, FIFO, zigawo kukumbukira ndi zina zambiri.

Sankhulani ndi mphamvu, deta basi m'lifupi, kupeza nthawi, opaleshoni voteji, ma CD, pini kuwerengedwa ndi zambiri. Pezani mankhwala kukumbukira kuti zosiyanasiyana mitundu mawonekedwe ndi kuwerenga lemba / zofuna opareshoni, kuphatikizapo zigawo makolokoto kukumbukira. Ife M'sitolo mankhwala kukumbukira oyenera maseva, kompyuta munthu, zogona, zamalonda ndi mafakitale ntchito, ndi zambiri.

A programmable mfundo chipangizo (PLD) ndi chigawo chimodzi pakompyuta ntchito kumanga reconfigurable madera yadigito. Mosiyana ndi mfundo chipata, amene ali ndi ntchito amodzi ndi PLD ali ndi ntchito CHOSADZIWIKA nthawi kupanga. Pamaso pa PLD angagwiritsidwe ntchito dera ziyenera analinganiza kuti, reconfigured.

Mphamvu kasamalidwe Integrated madera (ICs kasamalidwe mphamvu kapena PMICs kapena PMU ngati amodzi) ndi madera Integrated (kapena chipika dongosolo mu dongosolo pa-ndi Chip-chipangizo) kuchepetsa amafuna mphamvu ya dongosolo gulu. Choncho PMIC amatanthauza osiyanasiyana tchipisi Koma ambiri monga mtundu mphamvu zamagetsi kutembenuka ndi / kapena ntchito zogwirizana mphamvu kulamulira. A PMIC nthawi zambiri m'gulu zipangizo mabatire monga mafoni ndi atolankhani kunyamula osewera kuti ndichepe kuchuluka kwa danga chofunika.

An Chip analogi ndi ya kakang'ono pakompyuta analogi madera unakhazikitsidwa pa chidutswa umodzi wa chuma michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi.
The voteji ndipo panopa pa mfundo yake mu madera tchipisi analogi zosiyanasiyana mosalekeza mu nthawi. Mosiyana, tchipisi digito yekha ntchito ndi kulenga voltages kapena mafunde misinkhu apawokha, ndi makhalidwe palibe wapakati. Kuwonjezera Transistors, tchipisi analogi zambiri ndi nambala yaikulu ya zinthu chabe (Inductor / Capacitors / Resistors) kuposa tchipisi digito amangoona kuchita. Inductors amakonda kupewedwa chifukwa cha kukula lawo lalikulu ndi transistor ndi capacitor pamodzi akhoza kuchita ntchito ya inductor ndi. (Pamene njira imeneyi ntchito mu CFL, iwe ballast amagetsi.)
Analogi tchipisi mwina muli zinthu digito mfundo m'malo ena ntchito analogi kapena kulola Chip kulankhulana ndi microprocessor a. Pachifukwa ichi ndi chifukwa mfundo ambiri akuyendera ntchito CMOS luso, tchipisi awa ntchito BiCMOS njira ndi makampani monga Freescale, Texas Zida, STMicroelectronics ndi ena. Ichi chikudziwika ngati processing wosanganiza chizindikiro ndipo walola mlengi angayikire ntchito zambiri Chip lapansi. Ena mwa ubwino komanso katundu chitetezo, mbali yafupika kuwerenga ndiponso kudalirika apamwamba.
Koyera tchipisi analogi mu processing zambiri akhala makamaka m'malo ndi tchipisi yadigito. Tchipisi analogi ali wofunikila chizindikiro wideband chifukwa cha zofunika zochepa chabe pamalangizo mlingo, ntchito yapamwamba mphamvu ndi pa polumikizira transducer. Research ndi makampani m'munda anapitiriza kuchulukana. Zitsanzo tchipisi yaitali yaitali ndipo odziwika bwino analogi ndi 741 Sikuyenda mkuzamawu, ndi 555 powerengetsera.
Mphamvu kotunga tchipisi Komanso ankaona kuti analogi tchipisi. Cholinga chawo chachikulu ndi kutulutsa bwino okhudza linanena bungwe voteji chakudya cha tchipisi ena kachitidwe. Popeza machitidwe zonse zamagetsi afunikira mphamvu zamagetsi, magetsi ICs PMICs ndi mbali zofunika za machitidwe awo.

Mu zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, ndi lama fuyusi ndi chitetezo chipangizo zamagetsi opaleshoni kupereka pa chitetezo panopa ndi dera magetsi. Chigawo chimodzi ndi ofunika ndi zitsulo waya kapena Mzere kuti chimasungunula pamene kwambiri panopa umayenda mu izo, potero kumamusokoneza panopa. Ndi chipangizo nsembe; kamodzi lama fuyusi ali opareshoni izo ndi dera lotseguka, ndipo ayenera m'malo kapena rewired, malingana ndi mtundu.
Mafyuzi akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito monga zipangizo zofunika wapulumuka masiku oyambirira a ukachenjede magetsi. Today pali zikwi yosiyanasiyana lama fuyusi amene enieni panopa ndi voteji mavoti, kuswa mphamvu komanso mmene nthawi, malingana ndi ntchito. Nthawi ndi panopa makhalidwe opaleshoni ya mafyuzi amasankhidwa kuti ateteze chokwanira mosalekeza m'banja. Malamulo Kulumikizana zambiri chimatanthauza munthu pazipita lama fuyusi panopa mlingo kwa madera makamaka. Short madera, overloading katundu m'pangono pomwe, kapena kulephera chipangizo ndi zifukwa chachikulu ntchito lama fuyusi.
Lama fuyusi ndi njira yokha yochotsa mphamvu yochokera dongosolo wolakwika; Nthawi zambiri chidule kuti malonda (Makinawa Disconnection wa Wonjezerani). Dera breakers angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira kapangidwe njira yothetsera mafyuzi, koma ndi makhalidwe zimasiyana.

An mkuzamawu ndi pazipangizo kuti kumaonjezera matalikidwe a mbendera magetsi. Iwo m'gulu mwa kulemekeza luso lawo bwino azimveka mwina voteji kapena panopa athandizira chizindikiro. A voteji mkuzamawu amakulitsa athandizira voteji zizindikiro ndi umabala zikuluzikulu linanena bungwe voteji. amplifiers Current, amatchedwanso amplifiers transimpedance, angazindikire ndi mafunde pa zolowetsa, ndipo linanena bungwe la voteji kuti katunduyo. Transconductance ndi Transresistance Amplifiers sinthanani amenewa - ndi athandizira voteji kapena panopa umabala zikuluzikulu linanena bungwe panopa kapena voteji motero.

Chifungulo imodzi yokhalira ntchito chizindikiro cha mkuzamawu ndi ndi linearity ake, kapena mphamvu yake molondola kuimira athandizira ndi chimodzimodzi mawonekedwe chizindikiro mu nthawi ankalamulira pa linanena bungwe. Other magawo kiyi ntchito monga mlingo anamupha, pafupipafupi Poyankha, phokoso, ndi phindu bandiwifi.

Amplifiers anawagawira monga A, AB, B, C, D ndi E. kalasi akuimira chiwerengero cha kusintha ndi linanena bungwe mbendera ali pa mkombero wina ngati athandizira ndi sinusoidal waveform. The zambiri liniya ndi mkuzamawu ndi, m'munsi kupotozedwa mankhwala. Maphunziro A ndiyo liniya ndi kalasi C ndi osachepera liniya. Maphunziro C si abwino ntchito wailesi ndi amangoona ntchito mankhwala monga RF transmitters. Makalasi D ndi E ndi kusintha amplifiers kuti akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito linanena bungwe dera magawo munali resonators amgwirizano, angapo kotunga njanji kusinthitsa, njira kuyamikira linanena bungwe, ndipo PWM ndi ankadziwana-Sigma kusinthasintha mawu kuonjezera Mwachangu ndi angakwanitse athandizira waveform pa linanena bungwe.

Keyswitch ndi mtundu wa lophimba yaing'ono ntchito makiyi pa keyboards. Awa tsopano kwakukulukulu mwa ntchito chifukwa keyboards zambiri zamakono ntchito mapepala a pulasitiki ndi anzanu pa iwo
lophimba Ofunika amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofotokoza lophimba ntchito ndi makiyi, kawirikawiri ntchito mu madera kuba pothyola Alamu. A poyatsira galimoto ndi lophimba mtundu uwu.

Yolandirana ndi masiwichi electromechanical kuti akhoza actuated ndi chizindikiro magetsi osati pamanja kutsegula kapena kutseka lophimba. Izi mbendera yaing'ono amachita ngati mlonda kwa mbendera wokulirapo magetsi. Luso kudziletsa otsika mphamvu pa mkulu-mphamvu mbendera ndi zimene zimawachititsa ngati otchuka zigawo magetsi.

Transistors atatu-osachiritsika zipangizo kuti mukhoza kupanga ochititsa kuti ziwirizi (BJT) mawonekedwe, kapena zambiri monga kuyamikira zitsulo okusayidi-michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi (CMOS). Iwo analengedwa ndi ogundizana N-mtundu ndi semiconductors tsa-mtundu kaya ndi PNP kapena NPN kasinthidwe. Childs ndi voteji likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chipata osachiritsika kulola panopa kuyenda kupyolera chipangizo kumene ntchito transistor chimodzimodzi kwa magetsi a. Iwo ntchito mu kachitidwe digito kugwiritsa zipata logic ndi deta sitolo. madera analogi ntchito kulenga amplifiers ndi oscillators.

diode ndi chipangizo ziwiri osachiritsika kuti alipo kulikonse tsa-mtundu ndi N-mtundu semiconductors amagwira adjoined kwa wina ndi mzake. Kugwiritsa ndi voteji zabwino anode sadzakhala kubala aliyense panopa kwambiri mpaka diode a pakhomo voteji ndi kuposa. Pamene pakhomo voteji ndi kuposa panopa adzaloledwe zichokere anode kuti cathode koma diode adzakhala ndigwire otaya panopa ku cathode kuti anode pansi zinthu kwambiri. Iwo ntchito AC-DC tiransifoma, mawailesi, zamagetsi-malo amodzi kumaliseche (ESD) madera, monga magwero kuwala, etc.

Tili resistors ntchito zonse kuphatikizapo pamwamba umodzi phiri, umodzi mwa dzenje, trimmers, potentiometers ndi rheostats, komanso zosiyanasiyana zida, kulumikiza ndi magulu, ndi Chalk ena.

resistor ndi chabe magetsi ofiira zimasokoneza kapena nthawi otaya panopa magetsi kudzera dera. Panopa kuchita masamu kudzera malamulo Ohm akuti: V = IR. Fundo mtengo, kulolerana, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale kutentha koyefishienti zingadziŵike powerenga mtundu code, atalonjeza mndandanda wa magulu akuda kumbali ya chigawo cha.

Resistors angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchepetsa otaya panopa kudzera diode ndi kutsirizitsa HIV mzere ndi kuteteza mawunikidwe. Awiri angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulenga voteji wogawira imene imatulutsa linanena bungwe voteji njila mfundo kukana. A ambiri-cholinga athandizira / linanena bungwe (GPIO) transceiver akhoza kukhala linanena bungwe ake anapereka lalikulu Chikoka-kapena kukokera pansi resistor kuti overridden pamene GPIO amakhala yogwira.

Resistors analengedwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zipangizo, kuphatikizapo mpweya gulu, mpweya film, zitsulo film, ndi waya bala. Ogula zamagetsi amafuna iwo kukhala laling'ono ndi yeniyeni, pamene ntchito mafakitale kungafune kuti yo- dissipating yambiri mphamvu mapeto ake kukhala zazikulu.

Buzzer A kapena beeper ndi Audio ma siginalo chipangizo, kumene kungakhale makina, electromechanical, kapena piezoelectric (piezo kwa lalifupi). Ntchito ankaikira buzzers ndi beepers monga Alamu zipangizo, zakale, ndi matsimikizidwe a athandizira wosuta monga pitani mbewa kapena keystroke.
Wokamba ndi electromechanical chipangizo chimene chichititsa phokoso. Pamafunikanso wokamba Computer, Intaneti wokamba, Electrostatic Makaniko, wokamba Full n'kulolera Horn Makaniko, Makaniko, Magnetostatic Makaniko ndi zina zotero.
Cholankhulira ndi Converter mphamvu kuti otembenuka phokoso chizindikiro mu chizindikiro magetsi.

An batire magetsi ndi chipangizo ongokhala chimodzi kapena zingapo maselo electrochemical ndi kugwirizana kunja anapereka mphamvu zipangizo zamagetsi monga flashlights, mafoni, ndi magalimoto magetsi.
Mabatire kubwera mu akalumikidzidwa ambiri ndi makulidwe, maselo kakang'ono ntchito zopangira zothandizira kumva ndi mawotchi ang'ono, maselo woonda ntchito mafoni, kuti mabatire lalikulu kutsogolera asidi ntchito magalimoto ndi magalimoto, ndi pa muyeso waukulu yaikulu batire mabanki kukula kwa zipinda kuti kupereka standby kapena mphamvu mwadzidzidzi kwa kuphana telefoni ndi malo kompyuta deta.

Capacitors ndi chabe magetsi chigawo chimodzi ndi malo awiri kuti kusunga mphamvu mu atomu mu mawonekedwe a m'munda magetsi. Malo olumikiza mbale awiri conductive kuti ndi zinthu dielectric pakati pawo. Iwo kusunga ndi mlandu magetsi pa mbale wawo conductive. Mbale mlandu olekanitsidwa ndi chuma dielectric kulenga munda magetsi.

Capacitance ndi chizindikiro cha capacitor ukusonyeza kuchuluka kwa woyang'anira kusungidwa magetsi kwa voteji anapatsidwa ntchito kwa malo ake. Iwo amayezedwa farads (F). Mwachitsanzo, anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri pa capacitance adzakhala awiri kusungidwa mlandu magetsi (chifukwa anapatsidwa voteji zonse pa malo).

Capacitors anawagawira zochokera zipangizo thupi ntchito atatu wosanjikiza wochititsa dielectric dongosolo kondakitala. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ndi zitsulo zipangizo dielectric electrolyte amatchedwa capacitors electrolytic; zitsulo ceramic zitsulo amatchedwa capacitors ceramic, etc. Iwo amene si a magetsi akhoza chokhudzana kaya voteji zabwino kapena zoipa. Ngati iwo ali magetsi ayenera olumikizidwa ndi voteji zabwino, ndi osachiritsika zabwino pokhala chizindikiro ma CD.

A oscillator galasi ndi oscillator dera pakompyuta amene amagwiritsa ntchito makina kumveka a mibulu akututuma zakuthupi piezoelectric kulenga ndi chizindikiro magetsi ndi pafupipafupi yeniyeni. Pafupipafupi Izi kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhala ndi njira yolongosoka nthawi, monga mawotchi khwatsi, kupereka khola wotchi mbendera madera digito Integrated, ndi ziziyenda mafurikwense kwa transmitters wailesi ndipo amalandira. Mtundu ambiri resonator piezoelectric ntchito ndi khwatsi galasi, kotero oscillator madera pophatikiza iwo anatchedwa oscillators Krustalo, koma zipangizo zina piezoelectric kuphatikizapo zoumbaumba polycrystalline ntchito m'madera ofanana.
A oscillator Krustalo, makamaka wopangidwa ndi khwatsi galasi, ntchito mwa molakwika m'minda magetsi pamene voteji umagwiritsidwa ntchito elekitirodi ndi pafupi kapena pa galasi la. Katundu Ichi chikudziwika ngati electrostriction kapena osiyanitsidwa piezoelectricity. Pamene m'munda chikutha ndi khwatsi - amene oscillates mu pafupipafupi yeniyeni - amapanga minda magetsi monga Libwerere ku mawonekedwe ake m'mbuyomu, ndipo zimenezi zikhoza kupanga ndi voteji. Zimenezi ndi khwatsi galasi khalidwe ngati RLC dera.
Timibulu khwatsi amapangidwa kuti mafurikwense kuchokera makumi angapo a kilohertz mazana megahertz. Timibulu oposa biliyoni amapangidwa chaka. Ambiri ntchito zipangizo ogula monga mawotchi, mawotchi, mawailesi, makompyuta, cellphones. Timibulu khwatsi zimapezekanso mkati mayeso ndi kayesedwe zida, monga owerengera, magudumu chizindikiro, ndipo oscilloscopes.

An inductor umatchedwanso ndi koyilo, kutsamwa kapena riyakitala, ndi kungokhala chete ziwiri osachiritsika magetsi ofiira zimasunga mphamvu mu munda maginito pamene magetsi inawadutsa umayenda mu izo. An inductor ambiri imakhala ndi lotsekedwa waya bala mu koyilo padziko pachimake a.

mikanda maginito tinapangidwa kupondereza phokoso mkulu pafupipafupi ndi kukwera kulowelera pa mizere chizindikiro mizere mphamvu, ndi kuyamwa nyemba electrostatic. mikanda maginito ntchito kuyamwa chizindikiro UHF, monga ena madera RF, PLL, madera zokhala ndi madera kopitilira muyeso mkulu pafupipafupi kukumbukira (DDRSDRAM, RAMBUS, etc.), amene ayenera kuwonjezera mikanda maginito kuti athandizira mbali ya magetsi. The mkanda maginito ali resistivity mkulu ndi permeability, amene ali ofanana ndi kukana kufanana ndi inductance, koma mtengo kukana ndi phindu inductance zimasiyana ndi pafupipafupi.

Transformers kungoti inductors awiri ndi amphamvu lumikiza mwagwirizana pakati pawo. Mwatsatane pansi tiransifoma kuchepetsa voteji ku gwero mphamvu athandizira kwa matalikidwe kuti si oopsa ndi zambiri zothandiza mabizinesi ndi mabanja. Mwatsatane mpaka tiransifoma kuonjezera voteji kwa HIV zosavuta pa maulendo ataliatali a mizere mphamvu. Transformers n'zofunika kwambiri kuti kufalitsa AC mphamvu.

XIDA zamagetsi likuyesetsa kupereka kwambiri nzeru zopanda malire makasitomala lonse zina zosiyana ndi mankhwala yosafuna luso. ife akwanitsa anapezerapo ku msika lonse la digito multimeter, zipangizo magalimoto, chida magetsi kuyezetsa, zoteteza chilengedwe ndi kusanthula matenthedwe zipangizo, chitetezo zipangizo, Tester ambiri, kayesedwe ndi calibration zida ndi oscilloscopes digito yosungirako ndipo ena 10 osiyanasiyana potengera yaikulu ya mankhwala, ndi kupitiriza kupanga mndandanda wa mankhwala osiyana, ndipo kwathunthu zosoŵa wapadera makasitomala osiyana.

Masensa zambiri amagwa imodzi mwa zotsatirazi magawo anayi:
Anzanga sensa
A kachipangizo kuthamanga ambiri amaona kuthamanga mpweya kapena zakumwa. Iwo ntchito ndi kupoletsa ndi chizindikiro pakompyuta chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwaiye ngati ntchito ya mphamvu kuti chofunika kuti asiye madzimadzi kapena mpweya kuwonjezera. Anzanu masensa Komanso nthawi zambiri amatchedwa transducers kuthamanga, kuthamanga transmitters, piezometers ndi zizindikiro kuthamanga, mwa mayina ena. Iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ulamuliro ndi polojekiti ntchito.
Poyenda ndi udindo masensa
zoyenda A ndi malo kachipangizo limalola muyeso wa malo, kaya mawu mtheradi (mtheradi malo kachipangizo), kapena mawu wachibale (wachibale kapena kusamutsidwa kachipangizo). Zoyenda kapena malo masensa angathe kuyeza liniya malo a chipangizo (liniya malo kachipangizo), okhota kusintha malo, komanso Mipikisano olamulira kusintha udindo. Pakati wotchuka kwambiri mu ntchito wearables ndi zipangizo ya m'manja IoT ndi accelerometer ndi gyroscope masensa.
Kuwala masensa
Kuwala masensa kusintha yowala, kapena kusintha kuwala, mu mbendera pakompyuta amene ali angathe kuwaŵerenga ndi chida. Masensa awa, amatchedwanso photoelectric masensa, apo kudziwa kukhalapo ndi Pamalo kukhalapo kwa chinthu. Kuwala masensa ntchito zosiyanasiyana ntchito mafakitale zochita zokha komanso mankhwala malonda. Pakati wotchuka kwambiri ndi CHIKWANGWANI chamawonedwe masensa, zimatulutsa moyandikana ndi chitetezo kuwala nsalu zimatulutsa.
Matenthedwe masensa
matenthedwe masensa ndi zipangizo kuti kupereka chizindikiro magetsi poyankha kutentha kapena kusintha kutentha. Iwo yofunika ntchito mafakitale amene amafuna feeback kukhala ndi mulingo woyenera kutentha opaleshoni osiyanasiyana. Uliwonse pamwamba-kutentha kuwerenga kenako zotsatira mu shutdown za makina kutalikitsa moyo ndi kusunga malo ntchito otetezeka. The mitundu iwiri yaikulu masensa matenthedwe ndi kutentha masensa ndi zipangizo zotha chinyezi.

Madalaivala tadzipereka transmitters. Iwo wokometsedwa kwa galimoto luso makamaka muyezo banja kapena kulankhulana ndi zinthu zochepa mamangidwe a dongosolo zazikulu ndi kukhazikitsa ndi ndondomeko zomveka onse ndi zofunika magetsi. Mwachitsanzo, woyendetsa LED offloads mkulu panopa zofuna gwero / lakuya ku CPU / AP GPIOs apatsidwe mbali woyendetsa. Chiyankhulo zigawo anyamula madalaivala ndi amalandira (transceivers), amene ali zigawo mosalekeza kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukhazikitsa zopezera kulankhulana ndi kumachita monga repeaters.

Mu zamagetsi, ndi opto-isolator umatchedwanso ndi optocoupler, photocoupler, kapena isolator kuwala, ndi ofiira Zosintha chizindikiro magetsi pakati pa madera awiri akutali pogwiritsa ntchito light.Opto-isolators kuteteza voltages okwezeka zokhudza dongosolo kulandira signal.Commercially zilipo opto-isolators kupirira athandizira ndi linanena bungwe voltages 10 kVand voteji transients ndi kuthamanga kwa 25 kV / μs.

A mtundu wamba opto-isolator imakhala ndi kutsogozedwa ndi phototransistor mofanana opaque phukusi. Mitundu ina ya ma gwero-kachipangizo monga LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, ndi nyali-photoresistor awiriawiri. Kawirikawiri opto-isolators kutengerapo digito (pa wolemera) chizindikiro, koma ena maluso kuwalola ntchito ndi chizindikiro analogi.

Kuwala emitting Diodes ntchito olimba boma kuyatsa luso kubala kuwala nkhani olimba, lofunikira michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi. Izi likuwasiyanitsa zina kuwala monga mababu incandescent (kudzera zingalowe m'malo a) kapena mababu yaying'ono fulorosenti (kudzera mpweya). Limagwirira lofunika kupanga kuwala amayendera Band ndi Band recombination kapena cheza.