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tūhono hiko, he pūrere mō te hono tahi ara iahiko (i ētahi wā e mohiotia ana ko ngā tauranga, ngā kōhao, ranei atanga). E tatou tūhono o ngā momo katoa, tae atu D-iti, muka whatu, automotive, porohita, oro, me te ataata, RF, Telecom, te mana, me te USB. Tatou kawe ano te kōwhiringa nui o terminals tūhono me poraka kāpeka, me te backshells me oko o ngā momo katoa.

XIDA Electronics hoko he kōwhiringa nui o maramara mahara, kāri, me kōwae mahara motuhake mo nga tono, tae atu ki ngā tītipi ROM me RAM me DRAM maramara o nga momo, kāri Flash, FIFO, kōwae mahara me te ake.

Kōmaka i te kaha, whanui pahi raraunga, wa uru, ngaohiko whakahaere, tākai, tatau pine me te ake. Kimihia ngā hua mahara mo te whānui o ngā momo atanga momo, me te pānui i ngā tono mahi / Tuhituhi, tae atu ki ngā wae mahara tiketike. Stock tatou hua mahara e tika ana mō ngā tūmau, rorohiko whaiaro, noho, arumoni, me te ahumahi tono, me te ake.

He pūrere arorau programmable (PLD) ko he wāhanga hiko whakamahia ki te hanga i takatakanga mamati reconfigurable. Rerekē te kuwaha arorau, e kua he mahi pūmau, kua he mahi kāore i te wa o te hanga he ngaio. I mua i taea te whakamahi i te ngaio i roto i te ara iahiko me programmed reira, ko e, reconfigured.

whakahaere Power integrated iahiko (ICS whakahaere mana PMICs ranei PMU rite wae ranei) he iahiko integrated (ranei te poraka pūnaha i roto i te pūrere pūnaha-i runga i-te-kongakonga) mō te whakahaere i ngā whakaritenga mana o te pūnaha ope. Ko te kupu e pā ana PMIC ki te whānui o maramara ngā, Heoi ngā nuinga etahi ahua o te faafariuraa mana hiko, me te / ranei mahi mana te mana e hāngai ana. Kei te maha te PMIC ngā i roto i ngā pūrere pūhiko-whakahaeretia pērā i waea pūkoro me ngā kaitākaro pāpāho kawe ki te whakaiti i te nui o te wāhi e hiahiatia ana.

He maramara tairitenga ko te huinga o iti iahiko tairitenga hiko i hanga i runga i te wahi kotahi o te rauemi Semiconductor.
Te ngaohiko me te nāianei i ngā i faataahia i roto i te ara iahiko o maramara tairitenga rerekē tonu i roto i te wa. I roto i te rerekē, anake te whakamahi i maramara mamati me te hanga ngaohiko ngā ranei i ngā taumata motuhake, me kahore uara takawaenga. I tua atu ki transistors, maha whai tītipi tairitenga he maha nui o huānga hāngū (pūpoapoa / pūnga iahiko / parenga) atu i te nuinga mahi maramara mamati. Inductors ahu ki te kia karohia hoki ratou rahi nui o, me te transistor me pūnga tahi e taea te mahi i te mahi o te pūpoapoa. (A, no te whakamahia tenei tikanga i roto i te CFL, whiwhi koutou whakataimaha hiko.)
Kia hoki i roto i Analog tītipi huānga arorau mamati ki te whakakapi i te tahi mahi tairitenga, ki te tuku i te maramara ki te kōrero ki te microprocessor ranei. Hoki tenei take, me te mai kei te whakatinanahia arorau whakamahi hangarau CMOS, te whakamahi i enei maramara BiCMOS tukanga e kamupene pērā i Freescale, Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics me etahi atu. Mohiotia tenei te rite tukatuka tohu whakauru, me te taea te kaihoahoa ki te whakauru atu mahi i roto i te maramara. Etahi o nga hua ngā tiaki kawenga, tatau wahi iti me tika teitei.
Pure maramara tairitenga i roto i te tukatuka mōhiohio kua nuinga whakakapia ki maramara mamati. E hiahiatia tonu maramara tairitenga mō tohu WideBand i runga i te pūkete o ngā whakaritenga auau tīpako, tono mana tiketike, me te i te atanga transducer. Tonu rangahau me te ahumahi i roto i te parae ki te te tupu me te kake. Ētahi tauira o maramara tairitenga roa-ora, me te pai-mohiotia ko te 741 tīwerawera Whakahaere, me te matawā 555.
Kei te whakaaro ano hoki tītipi supply Power ki te hei tītipi tairitenga. Ratou whakaaro matua ko te ki te whakaputa i te supply ngaohiko putanga pai-whakaritea hoki ētahi atu maramara i roto i te pūnaha. Mai ngā pūnaha hiko katoa e rapu te mana hiko, ICS mana supply PMICs he āhuatanga nui o te hunga pūnaha.

I roto i te hikohiko me te engineering hiko, he wiki ko te pūrere haumaru hiko e mahi ki te whakarato i runga i te tiaki o te ara iahiko hiko nāianei. Ko tōna wāhanga faufaa ko te waea whakarewa Unuhia ranei e rewa ka rawa nui o nāianei rere i roto i taua mea, ai tape'ai te nāianei. Ko he pūrere tusia; Kua whakahaere kotahi te wiki ko reira he taiawhio tuwhera, a me whakakapia reira ranei rewired, i runga i te momo rānei.
Kua fuses whakamahia rite pūrere haumaru faufaa i te ra wawe o te engineering hiko. I teie mahana i reira he mano o rerekē whakaaro wiki e whai motuhake whakataunga o nāianei, me te ngaohiko, whawhati kaha me te whakautu wā, i runga i te tono rānei. Kua whiriwhiria te wā me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere o nāianei o fuses ki te whakarato tika tiaki kahore arumanga takekore. Ture waea te tikanga tautuhi i te whakatauranga wiki nāianei mōrahi mō ngā iahiko. Iahiko Poto, ngāwari, kawenga ōrite, ranei kore pūrere ko nga take pirimia mō te mahi wiki.
He wiki ko te tikanga aunoa o te tango i te mana i te pūnaha tinihanga; maha haapotohia ki Teihana (momotunga Aunoa o Supply). Ka taea te whakamahi tuatea iahiko hei otinga hoahoa kē ki fuses, engari i āhuatanga tino rerekē.

He tīwerawera Ko te pūrere hiko e faarahi te kaha tīwera o te tohu hiko. E wehewehea ratou i roto i te faatura ki to ratou kaha ki te tōtika ia faananea rānei te ngaohiko tohu kōkuhu nāianei ranei. He tīwerawera ngaohiko faarahi ho'ii te tohu ngaohiko tāuru me hua te ngaohiko whakaputa nui. amplifiers nāianei, hoki e mohiotia ana amplifiers transimpedance, ite i te ngā i te kōkuhunga, me te putanga he ngaohiko ki te kawenga. Transconductance ko Transresistance amplifiers Huri tenei pānga - he ngaohiko tāuru nāianei ranei hua he nāianei putanga nui ngaohiko ranei aua.

Kotahi tawhā mahi matua o te tīwerawera ko tona linearity, tona kaha ki te tika tohu te tāuru ki te tohu āhua taua i roto i te rohe wa i te putanga ranei. Ētahi atu tawhā mahi matua ngā te auau patua, auau whakautu, haruru, me taonga hōkaiipurangi.

Whakaröpütia amplifiers rite A, AB, B, C, D, me E. tohu te piha haapiiraa te nui o rerekētanga he tohu putanga mo huringa kotahi, ki te ko te wāhi he pukangaru sinusoidal. Ko te atu rārangi he tīwerawera ko, te raro te hua distortion. Class A ko te tino rārangi, me he piha C te iti rawa rārangi. e kore te mea e tika ana mō ngā tono oro, me te nuinga whakamahia i roto i ngā hua rite foaki RF Class C. Karaehe D me te E e whakawhiti amplifiers e taea whakamahi wāhanga iahiko putanga kei roto resonators hawarite, maha whakawhitinga supply rail, tikanga putanga haapoupou, me PWM me raorao-sigma puoro ki te whakapiki ake i te kakama, me te waihanga anō i te pukangaru tāuru i te putanga.

He keyswitch Ko te momo o te pana iti whakamahia mō ngā mau taviri i runga i papapātuhi. Ko inaianei enei te nuinga i roto i o te whakamahi tika ki te nuinga o papapātuhi hou mā te whakamahi i ngā rau o te kirihou ki hoapā ki runga ki a ratou
te whakamahia hoki pana matua ki te whakaahua i te whakakā whakahaere e te kī, te tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te iahiko whakaoho tahae. Ko hoki te pātīmata motokā te whakakā o tenei momo.

Tānga he whakakā electromechanical e taea te i timataria ai te tohu hiko, nui atu i na roto i te te whakatuwhera ā ranei kati te pana. mahi tenei tohu iti rite he kaitiaki mo te tohu hiko nui nui. Ko te kaha ki te whai mana te mana-iti i runga i te tohu mana-tiketike, ko te aha hanga ratou i taua wāhanga rongonui hiko.

Transistors he whakaaro e toru-kāpeka e taea te hanga i roto i pourua komititanga (BJT) puka, ranei noa atu rite haapoupou whakarewa-waikura-Semiconductor (CMOS). E hanga ana ratou i te tata n-momo me Semiconductors p-momo i roto i rānei te PnP whirihoranga NPN ranei. Tikanga tono he ngaohiko e ki te kāpeka kuwaha tuku nāianei ki te rere i roto i te pūrere te wahi te mahi transistor rite ki te pana. E whakamahia ratou i roto i ngā pūnaha mamati ki te whakatinana i kuwaha arorau me raraunga taonga. whakamahi iahiko tairitenga ratou ki te hanga i amplifiers me oscillators.

He ngōhiko Ko te pūrere e rua-kāpeka e vai e tata tonu tika ki tahi i te tahi hea p-momo me n-momo Semiconductors. Hoatu he ngaohiko pai ki te pitoake kore e hua i tetahi nāianei nui nui noa te ngaohiko paepae o te ngōhiko. Kia hipa te ngaohiko paepae te nāianei ka whakaaetia kia ki rere i te pitoake ki te pitoiho, engari te ngōhiko e aukati rere o nāianei i te pitoiho ki te pitoake i raro i te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga. E whakamahia ratou i roto i transformers AC-DC, waerehe, rere (ESD) iahiko hiko-pateko, kia rite ki ngā puna marama, me ētahi atu

E matou parenga mō ngā tono katoa, tae atu mata kotahi Maunga, poka i roto i kotahi, kuku, potentiometers me rheostats, me te he momo o ngā kete, whatunga me ngā huānga, me ētahi atu oko.

He iahiko ko te wāhanga hiko hāngū e tauwhāiti regulates te rere o te nāianei hiko i roto i te ara iahiko ranei. tātaitia te nāianei te mā te ture a Ohm: V = IR. uara ātete, kātakí, a ētahi wā noa pāmahana whakarea taea te whakaritea mā te tai'oraa i te waehere tae, tohu e te raupapa o here tae i te taha o te wae.

Ka taea te whakamahi parenga ki te whakawhāiti i te rere o nāianei i roto i te ngōhiko me ki te whakamutu i te aho tuku, me te ārai i whakaaro huritao. E rua taea te whakamahi ki te hanga i tētahi kaiwehewehe ngaohiko e hua he hautanga putanga ngaohiko te uara resistance. Ka taea e te-whakaaro whānui tāuru / tāputa (GPIO) transceiver i tona putanga whakaturia e te kume-ake nui parenga iahiko wahia-iho ranei takahi e te ina riro kaha te GPIO.

E hanga parenga whakamahi i te momo o ngā rauemi, tae atu ki te waro hiato, waro kiriata, whakarewa kiriata, me te waea marutanga. rapu te hikohiko kiritaki ki a ratou kia iti, me te pau, te mea kia rapu ratou tono ahumahi ki te kia ahei o faaore nui o te mana, na mutu ratou ake te nui.

He wheowheo pūoho ranei ko te pūrere kē oro, e ai kia aunoa, electromechanical, piezoelectric ranei (piezo mō poto). Whakamahinga Angamaheni o buzzers me beepers ngā whakaaro whakaoho, timers, me te haamauraa o te tāuru kaiwhakamahi pērā i te pāwhiri kiore pēhi ranei.
Tukuoro he pūrere electromechanical e hua i tangi. Kei roto te reira i kaikōrero Rorohiko, korero Digital, hiko whākaha reo,-whānui katoa korero, Horn whākaha reo, Whākaha, Magnetostatic whākaha reo, me te pera i runga i.
Hopuoro Ko te kaitahuri pūngao e faafariu tohu tangi ki tohu hiko.

He pūhiko hiko ko te whakaaro tënei o tetahi atu ranei pūtau iahiko ki hononga waho e whakaratohia ana ki te mana whakaaro hiko pērā i flashlights, smartphones, me waka hiko.
Mai Pūhiko i roto i te maha ngā āhua me te rahi, i ngā pūtau iti whakamahia ki te kaha rongo taonga me wristwatches ki te iti, ngā pūtau kikokore whakamahia i roto i smartphones, ki pākahiko waikawa ārahi nui whakamahia i roto i waka me taraka, me i te tino nui rawa, tahatika pūhiko nui te rahi o ruma e whakarato tūtatari ranei te mana whawhati tata mō whakawhitinga waea me pokapū raraunga rorohiko.

Pūnga iahiko ko te wāhanga hiko hāngū ki e rua terminals e rokiroki pūngao hiko i roto i te puka o te mara hiko. E hono terminals ki e rua papa paraharaha, conductive e whai he rauemi uruhanga i waenganui ia ratou. rokiroki ratou he tiaki hiko i runga i o ratou papa paraharaha, conductive. Ko te mau api i ako wehea e te rauemi uruhanga hanga he mara hiko.

Te puritanga Ko te tawhā o te pūnga e tohu te nui o tiaki hiko rongoa mo te ngaohiko i homai tono ki ona terminals. Kei te whanganga te reira i roto i farads (F). Hei tauira, te rearua te puritanga e rua penapena tiaki hiko (mo te ngaohiko tamau hoatu i terminals).

Whakaröpütia pūnga iahiko e hāngai ana i runga i ngā rauemi tinana whakamahia mō te toru-apa kaiwhakahaere hanganga pēne uruhanga. Hei tauira, i huaina e te hunga ki te whakarewa rauemi kawehiko uruhanga pūnga iahiko -hiko; e karangatia whakarewa whakarewa uku pūnga iahiko uku, etc. hunga e te hunga kia kia hono rānei ki te ngaohiko pai kino ranei polarised-kore. Ki te he polarised ratou me hono ratou ki te ngaohiko pai, ki te tohua te kāpeka pai i runga i te tākai.

He oscillator karaihe ko te ara iahiko oscillator hiko e whakamahi te kōwarotanga pūkaha o te karaihe wiriwiri o rauemi piezoelectric ki te waihanga i tētahi tohu hiko ki te auautanga pū. Kei te maha tenei auau whakamahia ki te aroturuki o te wā, ka rite ki i roto i wristwatches kiripaka, ki te whakarato i te tohu karaka kainga iahiko integrated mamati, a ki te ū iarere mo foaki irirangi me farii. Ko te momo tino noa o te resonator piezoelectric whakamahia ko te karaihe kiripaka, na arahiko oscillator whakauru ka mohiotia rite oscillators karaihe ratou, engari ētahi atu rauemi piezoelectric tae atu okouku polycrystalline e whakamahia i roto i te ara iahiko ōrite.
He oscillator karaihe, ngā tetahi hanga o kiripaka karaihe, mahi mā te te mio'i e te mara hiko ka tono ngaohiko te ki te kawehiko e tata ana ranei i runga i te karaihe. Mohiotia ana tēnei taonga te rite electrostriction piezoelectricity kōaro ranei. A, no te nekehia atu te mara kei, te kiripaka - i oscillates i roto i te auau pau - mahia te mara hiko rite hoki reira ki tona āhua mua, me tenei e taea te whakaputa i te ngaohiko. Ko te hua, ko te e he he karaihe kiripaka rite te ara iahiko RLC.
E hangaia tioata kiripaka mō iarere i te torutoru tekau o kilohertz ki rau o mekahera. E hangaia tioata atu atu i te rua piriona ia tau. E whakamahia te nuinga mō ngā pūrere kiritaki pērā i wristwatches, karaka, waerehe, rorohiko, me waea pūkoro. E kitea ana hoki tioata kiripaka roto taputapu whakamātautau me te ine, pēnei i ngā porotiti, generators tohu, me oscilloscopes.

He pūpoapoa, ka karanga ano te pōkai, kowaowaotia piere ranei, ko te wāhanga hiko e rua-kāpeka hāngū e pupuru ana pūngao i roto i te papa autō ka rere nāianei hiko i roto i te reira. He pūpoapoa tikanga ngā o te patunga waea kiriweti ki te pōkai huri noa te matua.

E hangaia pirepire autō ki te pehi haruru auau tiketike, me te Koi pokanoa i runga i ngā rārangi tohu, ngā rārangi mana, a ka mimiti hoki ngātere hiko. E whakamahia pirepire autō ki te takanga mai tohu UHF, pērā i etahi iahiko RF, PLL, ara iahiko kōpiupiu, me iahiko ultra mahara auau teitei (DDRSDRAM, RAMBUS, etc), e Me ki te tāpiri i pirepire autō ki te wahi tāuru o te supply mana. Ko te heitiki autō he resistivity tiketike, me te uruhanga, i te mea ōrite ki te ātete whakarara me te hiko, ko te uara resistance me te uara hiko rerekē ki te auautanga.

E noa Transformers rua inductors ki kaha hononga tahi i waenganui ia ratou. transformers Hipanga-iho whakaiti te ngaohiko i te puna mana tāuru ki te kaha tīwera e he iti mōrearea, me te hoki atu mahi i roto i ngā pakihi me whare. ake i transformers Hipanga-ake te ngaohiko mō tuku pai atu i runga i tawhiti roa o ngā rārangi mana. E faufaa ki te tohatoha o AC mana Transformers.

Kei te tukua XIDA hikohiko ki te whakarato atu auaha kiritaki ao ake rerekē mutunga ki ngā hua hangarau-utu whai hua. Kua pai te whakarewahia e matou ki te mākete ao o multimeter mamati, te whakatangitangi automotive, mea whakamātautau hiko, tiaki i te taiao, me te whakatangitangi tātari waiariki, te whakatangitangi haumaru, hei whakamatau whānui, ine me te whakatika mea me oscilloscopes rokiroki mamati me ētahi atu 10 te whānui o ngā kāwai matua o te awhe hua, a ka haere tonu ki te hanga i te raupapa o whänui hua, a tino whakatau i te hiahia ahurei o kiritaki rerekē.

Pūoko te tikanga taka ki roto ki tetahi o nga kāwai wha e whai ake nei:
Pressure pūoko
He pūoko pēhanga tikanga ine pēhanga o te hau wai ranei. Mahi ratou na roto i te whakaputa i tētahi tohu hiko rite ki te hua o te pēhanga hangaia rite te mahi o te ope e hiahiatia ana e te ki te mutu i te inu hau ranei i whakawhänui. Kei te maha i huaina hoki pūoko pēhanga transducers pēhanga, ongoi e te pēhanga, piezometers me tohu te pēhanga, i roto i ngā ingoa atu. Kei te whakamahia nuitia ratou i roto i te mana, me te aroturuki tono.
Motion me Tūnga pūoko
te motini, me te tūranga pūoko taea hoki te ine o te tūranga, ranei i roto i ngā tino (pūmau pūoko tūnga), ranei i roto i ngā whanaunga (whanaunga displacement ranei pūoko). Ka taea e Motion tūranga ranei pūoko ine i te tūranga rārangi o te pūrere (rārangi pūoko tūnga), huringa tūnga koki, me te huringa tūranga tuaka-maha. I roto i te rongonui tino i roto i te te whakamahi i roto i Wearables me ngā pūrere IoT puriringa he accelerometer me wira pūoko.
Pūoko Optical
pūoko Optical tahuri te marama e whiti ana, he huringa i roto i te marama ranei, ki te tohu hiko e he te pānui i te mea. Na ēnei pūoko, ka karanga hoki pūoko-hiko, e taea ki te whakatau i te oraraa, me te aroaro tū o te ahanoa. E whakamahia pūoko optical i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tono aunoatanga ahumahi momo me te hua arumoni. I roto i te rongonui tino he te muka pūoko whatu, pūoko pātata, me pūoko pihi marama haumaru.
Pūoko Thermal
pūoko Thermal he whakaaro e hua i te tohu hiko i roto i te whakautu ki te pāmahana te huringa i roto i te pāmahana ranei. He wāhi mō te tono ahumahi e rapua e feeback ki te pupuri i te whānuitanga pāmahana whakahaere tino pai ratou. Ka taea tetahi pānui i runga i-pāmahana hua i roto i te katinga o te mīhini ki te whakawhānui i te ora, me te mau tonu i te taiao haumaru mahi. Ko te momo matua e rua o pūoko waiariki he pūoko pāmahana me pūoko haumākū.

Atekōkiri he foaki whakatapua. E papaitia ratou mo peia he whānau kōrero ranei paerewa hangarau ngā, me te faaohie i te hoahoa o te pūnaha nui mā te whakatinana i te kawa e hāngai ana katoa me ngā whakaritenga hiko. Hei tauira, offloads he atekōkiri arahina te tiketike titauraa pūtake / totohu nāianei i te PTM / AP GPIOs me ki te wāhanga atekōkiri. pea kei wāhanga Atanga atekōkiri me farii (transceivers), e he wāhanga pūkenga e taea te whakamahi ki te whakatinana i te whatunga kōrero me te mahi rite repeaters.

I roto i te hikohiko, he Opto-isolator, ano ka karanga te optocoupler, photocoupler, isolator whatu ranei, ko te wāhanga e whakawhiti ai tohu hiko i waenganui i rua iahiko taratahi mā te whakamahi i light.Opto-isolators ārai ngaohiko tiketike i pa ana te pūnaha te fariiraa i te signal.Commercially wātea Opto-isolators tu atu ngaohiko tāuru-ki-putanga ake ki te 10 transients kVand ngaohiko ki tere ake ki te 25 kV / μs.

Kei o te LED me te phototransistor i roto i te mōkihi puatakore taua te momo noa o Opto-isolator. Ētahi momo o ngā pūtake-pūoko ngā arahina-photodiode, arahina-LASCR, me rama-photoresistor takirua. Ko te tikanga Opto-isolators whakawhiti mamati (i runga i-atu) tohu, engari etahi tikanga tukua ki te kia whakamahia ratou ki tohu tairitenga.

Te p emitting Light whakamahi hangarau rama mārō-kāwanatanga ki te whakaputa i te marama i roto i te mea totoka, tino he Semiconductor. Tenei whakatakoto ana motu ke ratou i te tahi atu puna te marama pērā i topuku aano atu (i roto i te korehau) topuku antibody kiato (i roto i te hau) ranei. rere te tikanga taketake o te production marama i runga i Band-ki-Band tauhono radiation ranei.