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Uila hūlili, he mea no e pili ana i pou i puhi ai pu (kekahi manawa ike i awa, kuʻina koʻo, a me Library). Mākou i nā mea hoʻopili i nā mea a pau ano, me D-iiaciiie, puluniu optic, kaʻa, hoʻopoepoe, nā leo a me ka wikiō, RF, Telecom, mana, a me ka USB. Mākou i lawe i ka nui koho o ka hūlili maʻi a me ka maʻi palaka, like hoʻi me backshells a me accessories o nā ano.

XIDA uila no Shop he nui koho o ka iaiyoe? Inoaia, pepa, a me ka hana kūikawā iaiyoe modules no na palapala noi, me ROM inoaia a me ka hipa kāne a me na derama he inoaia o kela ano, Flash pepa, FIFO, hoomanao modules a oi.

Hoʻokaʻina 'ia ma ka' auhau, oeiu aeaiiuo laula, komo manawa, pae'ōnaehana anakahi uila,'ōpala, kui helu a me ka oi. E huli i paʻa nā huahana no ka laulā o keʻano mau 'ano a me ka heluhelu / kākau ana koi, a me haka hoomanao eiiiiiaiou. Mākou kumukūʻai paʻa nā huahana kupono no ka mau kikowaena, ka Me, ka noho hoʻohauʻoli, kalepa a me ka hanalima palapala noi, a me ka oi.

A programmable kūpili lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe (PLD) o ka lolouila ke keʻena hoʻohana e kūkulu reconfigurable kikohoʻe wahi i puhi ai. E like me ka ke kūpili puka, a i ka paʻa papa, he PLD i ka undefined hana i ka manawa o ka hana. Ma mua o ka PLD hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia ma ka huakai kaapuni a ka mea pono e hanaʻia, i ua, reconfigured.

Power'ōnaehana noniakahi wahi i puhi ai (mana'ōnaehana ICs a PMICs a PMU like pa alima) i noniakahi wahi i puhi ai (a me ka'ōnaehana hihia i loko o ka'ōnaehana-ma-ka-inoaia lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe) no ka mālama 'ana i ka mana olelo o ka puali nenoaiu. Pela PMIC pili ia i ka laulā huahelu o? Inoaia, nae loa loaʻa kekahi mauʻano o ka lolouila mana huli ana, a / a pili ka mana e hooponopono i hana '. A PMIC Ua pinepine hui pū i loko o na pu ki-hoʻohana i punihei e like me lawe lima kaul, a lawe me Media âlapa pôhili me e emi ka nui o ka lewa koi 'ia.

An Analog? Inoaia mea he lākou o ka'āhihi lolouila Analog wahi i puhi ai i hanaʻia ma luna o ka hookahi apana o ka mea uholo uila mea.
Ke anakahi uila a me ka pono ma ke koho 'ia heluʻai i loko o nā wahi i puhi ai o Analog inoaia lauwili noke i ka manawa. Akä naÿe, kikohoʻe inoaia wale hana, a nāna hoʻi i hana voltages paha paialewa ma discrete pae, me ka i waena nā loina. Ma waho aʻeo ia Transistors, Analog inoaia pinepine i ka nui helu o OE oihana mua (Inductor / Capacitors / Resistors) ma mua o kikohoʻe inoaia nō kāu hana. Inductors kamaʻilioʻana no e käpae 'no ka mea, o ko lākou nui nui, a me ka pākali hoʻolele a me ka mea pihana pu ke hana i ka hana o ka inductor. (A keia iaoia ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka CFL, e kiʻi lolouila ballast.)
Analog inoaia e kekahi apo ia kikohoʻe kūpili hehee wale, e puku i kekahi Analog oihana, a ke ae i ka? Inoaia e kamaʻilio me ka iee?. No keia mea, a mai ke kūpili ia olelo hoʻokō hoʻohana 'enehana CMOS, mau inoaia hoʻohana BiCMOS keʻano o ka hanaʻana ma ka poʻe e like me Freescale, Texas mea, STMicroelectronics a me na mea e ae. Keia ua kapaʻiaʻo ia i hui neaiae aaioee a leie aku i ka mea akamai, e Desha i oiʻoihana i loko o ka? Inoaia. Kekahi o na pomaikai i nā haawe ana ka hoomaluia mai, hoemiia māhele helu a kiekie pono.
Pure Analog inoaia ma ka 'ike aaioee ua ua ka hapanui auou caiaiai me kikohoʻe inoaia. Analog inoaia e no koi no ka wideband lepa i no o ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku i kela koi, kiʻekiʻe mana noi, a ma ka transducer Library. Research a me ka hana i loko o ke kula mau i ka ulu a me ka pomaikai. He mau laʻana o ka lōʻihi-olaʻana a me ka maikaʻi-ike Analog inoaia e ka 741 hana ana pahu hoʻonui leo, a me ka 555 nō hoʻi.
I ka mana lako inoaia i manaoia e e Analog inoaia. Lākou ka papa kuhikuhiE hana mea e paka i kekahi luawai-hooponopono auaiaea anakahi uila lako hou no nā inoaia i loko o ke kahua. No ka mea, a pau uila nenoai kauoha uila mana, mana lako ICs PMICs i nui oihana mua o kēlā mau 'oihana.

I uilaʻoe a me ka uila 'enekinia, he kaula hō'ā mea he uila maluhia na mea maalea, e hana i ka hoʻolako maʻikena palekana o ka uila puni. Kona nui ke keʻena o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia uea 'ole wehe i heheʻe ka wā nui loa aku iaʻikena kahe ana ma ka mea, ma laila' aʻole i kaʻikena. He sacrificial he mea; manawa, he kaula hō'ā i hoʻohana ia mea he hamama kaapuni, a me ka mea pono e auou caiaiai a rewired, ke kaumaha ma muli type.
Fuses i ua hoʻohana like nui maluhia manao maalea, mai ka lā i kakahiaka nui o ka uila wilikî. I kēia lā haule ana na tausani o kekahi kaula hō'ā manao a i kekahiʻikena a me ka anakahi uila lākiō i, wawahi ae nona iho a me ka pane manawa, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka palapala noi. I ka manawa a me ka papa pae'ōnaehana ano o fuses i kohoia e hoomakaukau i kūpono palekana me ka hanaʻano haʻahaʻa. Pilina rula pele hoakaka i kekahi i kā mākou kaula hō'āʻikena pane lākiō no pakahi i puhi ai. Pōkole i puhi ai, overloading, mismatched wahie, a me ka noonoo ole i ke Kuhina Nui kumu no ka kaula hō'ā hana.
A kaula hō'ā mea he 'akomi' ano o ka wehe mana mai ka hewa lā kahua; pinepine abbreviated i ka hoʻolaha pāʻoihana ( 'akomi Disconnection o lako hou). Kaapuni nalu hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia i kekahi koho manao pāʻoihana i fuses, akā, i me ka nui loa kekahi mau' ano.

An pahu hoʻonui leo o ka lolouila mea e maoli ka ikaika hawewe o ka uila neaiaea. Ka mea, i CATEGORY_NAME i ka mahalo i ko lakou hiki ana i ka pono listen kekahi ke anakahi uila aʻikena hoʻokomo o neaiaea. A anakahi uila pahu hoʻonui leo amplifies ka hoʻokomo o anakahi uila lepa a produces he nui auaiaea anakahi uila. O kēia amplifiers, iʻikeʻia me transimpedance amplifiers, naʻauao lākou i nā paialewa ma na nā manaʻo, a me ka ia auoiaea he anakahi uila i ka haawe. Transconductance a Transresistance Amplifiers kuapo i kēia hopena - he hoʻokomo o anakahi uila aʻikena produces he nui auaiaeaʻikena a anakahi uila niioaaonoaaiii.

One ki hana aiao o ka pahu hoʻonui leo o kona linearity, a me kona akamai i ka pololei ho i ka manaʻo kōkua a me ka like ana ke kinona neaiaea i loko o ka manawa kikowaena ma ka auoiaea. Other kī hana kiko'î a loaʻa i ka pepehi ana, alapine (frequency) pane, halulu, a me ka waiwai bandwidth.

Amplifiers i hoʻolaha me A, AB, B, C, D, a E. Ka papa ho i ka nui o ka mea oko a he auoiaea neaiae i ma luna o kekahi kalapona ina ka hoʻokomo o mea he sinusoidal waveform. Ka hou laina i pahu hoʻonui leo mea, i ka lalo o ka ei huahana. Class A o ka loa a me ka laina o ke kūlana C mea i ka meaʻuʻuku laina. Class C mea e pono ai nā leo noi, a nō kāu ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o huahana e like RF transmitters. Classes D a me ka E e ka hoʻololiʻana amplifiers i hiki hanaʻia auaiaea kaapuni kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao i loaʻa ka harmonic resonators, mau lako hoino aku ka hoʻololiʻana, manuahi auaiaea i kūpono, a me ka PWM a aaeuoa-sigma modulation e hoonui ka hoʻokōʻana a? Aeiino? I ka hoʻokomo o waveform ma ka auoiaea.

A keyswitch mea he ano o ka uuku kuapo hoʻohana no ki ma eeaaeaoo?. Mau mea e pili kēia mai o ka i hālāwai hoʻolohe loa laekahi eeaaeaoo ka hoʻohana a lahilahi o ke ea me ka hui 'ana ma luna o ia mau mea i ka
Key E kuapo ua i hoʻohana i ka hōʻike i ke kuapo hoʻohanaʻia hoʻi ke kī, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO hoʻohana ma burglar poʻe hiamoe wahi i puhi ai. A kaʻa mea hō'ā kaʻa mea i ke kuapo o kēiaʻano.

Kuapo kanaka i electromechanical mea hoʻololi i hiki ke actuated e ka uila peahi ana ma mua ma ka hana lima weheʻana paha panina ke kuapo. Ua uuku neaiae hana like me ka poʻe kiaʻi puka no ka mea nui uila maika i. Ke hana ia i haʻahaʻa-mana hooponopono i ke kiʻekiʻe-mana neaiae ka mea i hana ia e like me koʻikoʻi ma pou eiiiiiaiou.

Transistors i ekolu-maʻi maalea, e hiki hiki ke hana ia ma bipolar huina (BJT) palapala, a oi mau i manuahi metala-'okesaside-mea uholo uila (CMOS). Ua hanaia lakou ma ka pili N-type a me ka pa-type semiconductors i loko o kekahi o ka PNP a NPN hoʻonohonohoʻia. Nō kāu he anakahi uila ua noi ai i ka puka maʻi hele 'ana o kaʻikena e kahe ana ma ka mea ma ka pākali hoʻolele oihana like i ke kuapo. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kikohoʻe nenoai, e hoʻokō ke kūpili mau'īpuka a me nā hale kūʻaiʻikepili. Analog wahi i puhi ai hana ia e ho okumu amplifiers a me oscillators.

A diode mea he mau-maʻi lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe i nei anywhere pa-type, a N-type semiconductors i pololei pili ana i kekahi i kekahi. Ana i ka maikaʻi anakahi uila i ka anode e ole paka i kekahiʻiʻo pono a hiki i ka diode ka paepae anakahi uila ua oi. Once ka paepae anakahi uila ua oiʻikena e e ae, e kahe ana mai ka anode a hiki i ka cathode akā, me ka diode, e aeieʻikena kahe mai ka cathode a hiki i ka anode loa ana ma lalo. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o AC-DC transformers, radios, Electro-kūpaʻa hookuuia (ESD) i puhi ai, e like me ka malamalama kumu, etc.

Mākou i resistors no nā palapala noi a me hookahi ili mauna, hookahi ma puka, trimmers, potentiometers a me rheostats, e like me keʻano o nā poho, latike a me nā huihui ikehu lā, a me nā accessories.

A mea pale mū holapū mea he OE uila ke keʻena i hoʻohaiki ana paha regulates ke kahe o ka uila pono ma ka huakai kaapuni. Ka papa he pōpilikia Via Ohm ka kānāwai: V ='Ira lāua. Ia'ku waiwai, ke ahonui,, a me kekahi manawa, a hiki wela kaʻi lau waiwai hiki ke nānā 'ia e heluhelu i ka waihoʻoluʻu kivila, hōʻikeʻia hoʻi i ka moʻo o nā pōpō paa ana ma kaʻaoʻao o ka ke keʻena.

Resistors Hiki ke hoʻohana 'e kali i ka he pele ma ka diode a me ka' ōlelo i ka EYI laina, a pale Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo E. Two hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia no ka ho okumu i kekahi anakahi uila mahele waiwai i produces he auaiaea anakahi uila hapaʻauhau ka ia'ku loina. A mau-manao hoʻokomo o / ia auoiaea (GPIO) transceiver hiki i kona auaiaea kau ma ka nui, e huki like-i a huki-ia mea pale mū holapū i ua overridden ka wā o ka GPIO i hana.

i hanaia Resistors hoʻohana i keʻano o nā mea, a me kalapona ka lua, kalapona ho film, metala ho film, a me ka ueaʻeha. koi Consumer uila no ia i e ka poe liilii, a me ka kūlike loa, no ka mea hoi hanalima palapala noi e koi aku ia lakou e e hiki no dissipating nui dala o ka mana, no laila, e pau mai i nui.

A buzzer a beeper mea he leo ka hōʻikeʻana ka manaʻo, a hiki e me mechanical, electromechanical, a piezoelectric (piezo no pōkole). Typical hana o buzzers a me beepers nā pū waikaua manaʻo, nō hoʻi, a me ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo aku o ka mea hoʻohana hoʻokomo o e like me ka iole kaomi a keystroke.
Luna Hoomalu mea electromechanical lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe i produces kani. Ua nā'ē horn, Digital horn, Electrostatic loudspeaker, Full-huahelu horn, Horn loudspeaker, Loudspeaker, Magnetostatic loudspeaker, a no laila, ma luna o.
Mea hoʻolele leo mea he ikehu mīkini hoʻololi i pio kani lepa i loko o pou no lepa.

An uila o na pu ki o ka mea iloko olaila no kekahi a oi electrochemical keena me ka mawaho pili 'o Randy i hoakaka ia mana pou manaʻo e like me flashlights, Phone, a me ka pila hi.
Iuo aaoa? Hele mai ma na mea he nui ke ano a me ka nui like 'ole, mai ka'āhihi keena hoʻohana' ana i ka mana lohe kōkua iā ia, a me nā wristwatches i ka meaʻuʻuku, he wiwi keena hoʻohana i Phone, i ka nui alakaiʻakika iuo aaoa? Hoʻohana i ka hi a me ka ia i kona kalaka, a ma ka mea nui loa, nunui o na pu ki kapa o ka nui o wahi maikai loa i i halihali ole pilikia ka mana no ka kelepona kūkaʻi a me kamepiulaʻikepili-oaio? a.

Capacitors mea he OE uila ke keʻena me nā maʻi i hoahu electromagnetic a ikehu i loko o ke kino o ka pila nui kahua. Maʻi i pili i ka lawelawe papa elua e i ka dielectric mea ma waena o lākou. Ka mea, hoahu he uila kauoha ma luna o lākou lawelawe papa. Ke kauoha papa i hookaawale ia e ka dielectric mea ho okumu i ka pila nui kahua.

Capacitance mea he aiao o ka mea pihana e Hōʻike i ka huina o ka waiho waho uila ka uku no ka haawiia mai anakahi uila noi ai i kona maʻi. Ua Ua ana i loko o farads (F). No ka laʻana, a pāpālua hoʻi i ka capacitance e papalua waiho waho uila ka uku (no ka haawi a eia i anakahi uila ma maʻi).

Capacitors i hoʻolaha me ka nānā 'ana ma physical mea i hoʻohana no' ekolu-, ahu iho alakaʻi mele dielectric alakaʻi mele 'ole. No ka laʻana, ka poe me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia dielectric electrolyte lako i kapaia electrolytic capacitors; mea hiki ke hooheheeia pālolo metala i kapaia pālolo capacitors, etc.ʻO ka mea i 'ole-polarized hiki e pili kekahi i ka maikaʻi a me ka io anakahi uila. Inā ka mea, e polarized mea pono e pili ana i ka maikaʻi anakahi uila, a me ka mea maikaʻi maʻi, ua hoailono aku la ma ka'ōpala.

A aniani oscillator mea he lolouila oscillator huakai kaapuni e hoʻohana i ka me mechanical resonance o ka vibrating aniani o piezoelectric mea e ho okumu i ka uila peahi me ka kūlike loa alapine (frequency). Kēia alapine (frequency) ua pinepine hoʻohana 'e malama i Track o ka manawa, e like me ka pōaka wristwatches, e hoolako i ka hale hānai uaki hoailona no kikohoʻe noniakahi wahi i puhi ai, a no ka stabilize nä alapine no ka Radio transmitters a me ka pa alima. Ka loa e like me ka ano o piezoelectric resonator hoʻohana o ka pōaka aniani, no laila, oscillator wahi i puhi ai ka hoʻohuiʻana ia la ia mea e like me he aniani la oscillators, akā, e hoʻohana 'ē aʻe piezoelectric pono hana a me polycrystalline pālolo i like i puhi ai.
A aniani oscillator, pakahi aku la ia i kekahi i ka pōaka aniani, hana ma ka nānaina ma ka uila kahua wā anakahi uila ua pili i ka'ūholo uila kokoke ma ke aniani paha. Keia waiwai ua ikeia like electrostriction a inverse piezoelectricity. A i ka mahinaʻai ua wehe ', ka pōaka - i oscillates i loko o ka kūlike loa alapine (frequency) - paha ke he uila kahua me ka mea hoʻi i kona mua kinona, a me keia hiki paha i kekahi anakahi uila. I ka hopena o ia ka pōaka aniani hoi me ka RLC huakai kaapuni.
Pōaka nā pōaka i ua hanaʻia no nä alapine mai i kekahi mau na umi o kilohertz i ka haneri o ka megahertz. Mau ieeeea? More ma mua o nā pōaka i ua hanaʻia ka makahiki. Loa e hoʻohana no ka consumer i punihei e like me wristwatches, hangʻia, radios, kamepiula 'ē aʻe, a me nā cellphones. I pōaka nā pōaka i loaʻa maloko ho'āʻo a me ka ana pono, e like me counters, hoailona nā mīkini uila, a me nā oscilloscopes.

An inductor, i kapaʻia he'ōwili hao, ka hakui o paha mīkini'ātoma, mea he OE mau-maʻi uila ke keʻena i ka hale kūʻai i ka ikehu i kaʻume mākenēki kahua wā uilaʻikena kahe ana ma ia. An inductor nō kāu he o ka insulated uea eha i loko o ka'ōwili hao a puni ka Kora naʻEsau.

ʻume mākenēki lei i ke hoʻololi i ka uhi kiʻekiʻe alapine (frequency) leo, a spike in 'ākeʻakeʻa ma neaiae laina, mana laina, a me ka hoʻokemu electrostatic lāʻau ikiʻai wale. ʻume mākenēki lei e hoʻohana i ka hoʻokemu UHF lepa, e like me kekahi RF wahi i puhi ai, PLL, oscillating wahi i puhi ai, a uaʻoi loa kiʻekiʻe alapine (frequency) iaiyoe wahi i puhi ai (DDRSDRAM, RAMBUS, etc.), a pono e hoonuiʻume mākenēki lei i ka hoʻokomo o kekahi hapa o ka mana lako. Kaʻume mākenēki lei, ua kiʻekiʻe resistivity a me ka permeability, i mea like i ka laua ia'ku a me ka inductance, akā, i ka ia'ku waiwai a me ka inductance waiwai lauwili me ka alapine (frequency).

Transformers mea wale mau inductors me ka ikaika ae hui ana ma waena o lākou. Kai-ia transformers emi ke anakahi uila mai ka hoʻokomo o ka mana kumu i ka ikaika hawewe i ka emi pilikia, a hoi hou aku he mea hiki i ka pāʻoihana a me nā hale o. Kai-i transformers hoomahuahua i ke anakahi uila no ka oi efficient EYI ma luna o ka mamao loa o ka mana laina. Transformers mea nui a hiki i ka puunaue ana o AC mana.

XIDA uila no ua hana i ka hoʻolako 'oi kū hoʻokahi kona palena nā hualoaʻa a oi okoa nā mea kūʻai mai me ka waiwai e lilo aku-ka hoʻokō' enehana huahana. mākou i ana a hemo aku ai i ka global kuai o kikohoʻe multimeter, kaʻa instrumentation, uila ikea ai mea hana,? aneie hoomalu a me ka thermal Ka Ikepili instrumentation, kūlana palekana instrumentation, mauʻia, ana a me ka ana kani a me nā kikohoʻe pūnaewele oscilloscopes a me nā 10 i ka laulā huahelu o ka nui waeʻano o huahana, a ua hoʻomau 'ia e ka moʻo o ka huina hoonui diversification, a hoopau i ke kūlana pono o kekahi nā mea mālama mai halawai.

Nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo nui hāʻule i loko o kekahi o kēia mau o ka eha waeʻano:
puʻe mīkiniʻimi
A manaʻo koikoi mīkiniʻimi nō kāu kora puʻe o ke kinoea a me ke kinowai. Ka mea hana ma ka hoʻomakaʻia kekahi lolouila peahi ana i ka hopena o ka puʻe ua loaʻa like me ka hana ana i ka mana i ua koi 'ia e hooki aku i ka loli' ole kinoea mai ka hoʻonui. Puʻe nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo i kekahi pinepine kapa puʻe transducers, puʻe transmitters, piezometers a me ka puʻe nā hoailona, i waena o nā inoa. Ka mea, i mau hoʻohana ma ka hooponopono ana a me ka mālamaʻana noi.
Ka noi a me ka Position nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo
A noi a me ka wahi mīkiniʻimi e leie aku no ke ana o ke kulana, kekahi me ka piha hua'ōlelo (loa kulana mīkiniʻimi), a me ka pili hua'ōlelo (pili ole pohupani hale mīkiniʻimi). Ka noi 'ole nā hana i nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo hiki ana i ka laina kulana o ka mea (laina kulana mīkiniʻimi), angular kulana loli, e like me nunui-axis kulana loli. Mawaena o ka loa mea mahaloia ma ka hoʻohana i ka wearables a handheld IoT manaʻo i accelerometer a me ka gyroscope nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo.
'ōnohi nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo
'ōnohi nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo hoohuli i ka aa malamalama oia, a me ka loli i ka malamalama, i loko o ka lolouila neaiae i mea readable ma ka mea kani. Mau nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo, i kapaia o photoelectric nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo, i laila, hiki ke hoʻoholo i ke ola ana a me ka positional imua o kekahi mea. 'ōnohi nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo i hoʻohana ma ka laulā likeʻole ma o ka hanalima hana nona iho noi e like me kālepa huahana. Mawaena o ka loa hanohano i puluniu optic nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo, koke nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo, a me ka maluhia malamalama pale nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo.
Thermal nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo
Thermal nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo, ua maalea, e hiki paka he uila neaiae ma muli o ke ana wela a me ka loli ma ke ana wela. Ka mea, no ka pau o hanalima noi e kauoha feeback e malama i kekahi e pono ai ke ana wela pae'ōnaehana huahelu. Hiki laila kekahi ma-welaʻikepili ka hopena i loko o ka shutdown o ka mīkini, e hohola aku i ke ola a me ka malama i ka maluhia hana 'ia ai. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano mau o thermal nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo i ka mahana nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo, a humidity nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo.

O Keaukaha i mea laʻa transmitters. Ka mea, i hoʻomākaukau leʻa no e hoohauhee ana i kekahi mau 'enehana ohana a me ka mākau hoʻokaʻaʻike hae, a Nohie i ka manao o ka nui kahua ma ka hoʻokō i ka pili Hola Pūnaewele a me ka pou koi. No ka laʻana, he alakaʻi O Keaukaha offloads ke kiʻekiʻe he kumu / piholo e koi mai ka CPU / AP GPIOs, a ma luna o ka Keaukaha ke keʻena. Nānaina eiiiiiaiou e komo Keaukaha a me ka pa alima (transceivers), a mea versatile eiiiiiaiou e hiki ke hoʻohana i ka hoʻokō i ka palapala ulana pukapuka, a me ka hana e like repeaters.

Ma uilaʻoe, he opto-isolator, i kapaʻia he optocoupler, photocoupler, a'ōnohi isolator, o ka ke keʻena i hoʻoili pou mau lepa a ma waena o nā noho kaʻawale i puhi ai ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i light.Opto-isolators pale aku kiʻekiʻe voltages mai ka heluna o ka'ōnaehana e loaa ana i ka signal.Commercially loaʻa opto-isolators hoole aku i ke hoʻokomo o-i-auaiaea voltages mai i 10 kVand anakahi uila transients me ka wikiwiki i ke 25 kV / μs.

A e like me kaʻano o ka opto-isolator ninoieo o ka LED, a me ka phototransistor i loko o ka ia opaque AEeAaOA. Other ano o ke kumu-mīkiniʻimi pu ana me ia nā alakaʻi-photodiode, alakaʻi-LASCR, a me ka malamalama-photoresistor hui. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO opto-isolators hoolilo kikohoʻe (ma-i) no lepa, akā, i kekahi mau 'ana i kūpono ae ia ia e hoʻohana i Analog lepa.

Light K'lauea Diodes hanaʻia paa-moku'āina ho'ā nā 'ike loea hou i ka paka i ka malamalama ma paa mea,ʻano nui he mea uholo uila. Kēia nā pūʻulu ia ma ke kaʻawale mai nā kukui kumu e like me incandescent pu u kukui (ma o ka holo) a me kana olelo hoopomaikai kukui hāweo pu u kukui (ma ke kinoea). Ke kumuʻano papa hana o ka malamalama? Iecaianoaaiiuo holo ma Band-i-Band recombination a pāhawewe.